Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) Intermediate Practice Exam

What causes compartment syndrome?

1. Fluid accumulation in joints

2. Tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space

3. Excessive physical activity

4. Muscle atrophy due to inactivity

The correct answer is: Tissue compression and damage due to fluid trapped in a confined space

Compartment syndrome is primarily caused by tissue compression and damage that occurs when fluid accumulates in a closed anatomical space, often due to swelling or bleeding. This increased pressure within the confined space can compromise blood flow and lead to ischemia, muscle and nerve damage, and ultimately result in severe complications if not addressed swiftly. In this scenario, the body has several compartments—groups of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels surrounded by fascia—the structures in these compartments can become constricted due to the increased pressure. The problem becomes severe when the pressure exceeds the capillary perfusion pressure, which prevents essential nutrients and oxygen from reaching the tissues in that compartment. Consequently, the tissues begin to suffer from the lack of blood supply, leading to pain, decreased function, and potential necrosis if not treated. Other options, while related to physical conditions, do not directly address the nature of compartment syndrome. Fluid accumulation in joints can lead to different issues such as joint inflammation or arthritis, excessive physical activity may increase the risk of injuries but is not the direct cause of compartment syndrome, and muscle atrophy from inactivity does not create the pressure build-up necessary to trigger this condition. Therefore, the second choice correctly identifies the underlying mechanism of compartment syndrome.